Tinted, abrasion resistant coating compositions and coated articles

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are tinted, abrasion resistant coating compositions comprising polymer-enclosed color-imparting particles. Also disclosed are methods for making such a composition and substrates at least partially coated with a hard coat deposited from such a composition.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/399,147, filed Apr. 6, 2006, which is a continuation-in-partof U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/337,062, filed Jan. 20, 2006 andentitled, “Aqueous Dispersions Of Polymer-Enclosed Particles, RelatedCoating Compositions And Coated Substrates”, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/876,031,filed Jun. 24, 2004, entitled, “Aqueous Dispersions of MicroparticlesHaving a Nanoparticulate Phase and Coating Compositions Containing TheSame”, which claims the benefits of U.S. Provisional Application Ser.No. 60/482,167 filed Jun. 24, 2003, each of which are incorporatedherein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to tinted, abrasion resistant coatingcompositions comprising polymer-enclosed color-imparting particles. Thepresent invention also relates to methods for making such a compositionand substrates at least partially coated with a hard coat deposited fromsuch a composition.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Coating compositions used to form durable, i.e., abrasion and chemicallyresistant coatings are often deposited from sol-gel, i.e.,solution-gelation, compositions. Such coatings are often deposited onplastic substrates, including transparent plastic substrates, which areoften desired for a variety of applications, such as windshields,lenses, consumer electronic devices, among other things. To minimizescratching, as well as other forms of degradation, clear “hard coats,”as these coatings are often called, are often applied as protectivelayers to the substrate.

“Colored” or “tinted” hard coats are desired in some applications foraesthetic and other reasons. Such hard coats can be produced byimbibition of a colorant into a coated substrate by immersion of thesubstrate in a hot solution of the colorant or by depositing thecolorant on the surface of the substrate and thermally transferring thecolorant into the substrate. Depending upon the substrate material,however, such a process can result in an inconsistent color appearanceand may impact the mechanical and/or chemical properties of thesubstrate. In addition, such a process can be complicated and caninvolve additional equipment, time and material.

It would be advantageous to provide tinted, abrasion resistant coatingcompositions suitable for produced a transparent tinted hard coat on asubstrate. Moreover, it would also be desirable to provide such coatingcompositions that adhere directly to a plastic substrate, without theneed of a primer layer, and which are stable, i.e., they do not solidifyupon standing for a reasonable period of time.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In certain respects, the present invention is directed to coatingcompositions comprising: (a) an alkoxide of the general formulaR_(x)M(OR′)_(z-x) where R is an organic radical, M is silicon, aluminum,titanium, and/or zirconium, each R′ is independently an alkyl radical, zis the valence of M, and x is a number less than z and may be zero; and(b) polymer-enclosed color-imparting particles.

In another respect, the present invention is directed to methods forpreparing a coating composition. These methods comprise: (a) preparingan organic dispersion of polymer-enclosed color-imparting particles; (b)preparing an at least partially hydrolyzed alkoxide of the formulaR_(x)M(OR′)_(z-x), wherein R is an organic radical, M is selected fromthe group consisting of silicon, aluminum, titanium, zirconium andmixtures thereof, each R′ is independently an alkyl radical, z is thevalence of M and x is less than z and may be zero; and (c) combining theorganic dispersion of color-imparting particles with the at leastpartially hydrolyzed alkoxide.

In another respect, the present invention is directed to an article atleast partially coated with a tinted hard coat deposited from a coatingcomposition comprising: (a) an alkoxide of the general formulaR_(x)M(OR′)_(z-x) where R is an organic radical, M is silicon, aluminum,titanium, and/or zirconium, each R′ is independently an alkyl radical, zis the valence of M, and x is a number less than z and may be zero; and(b) polymer-enclosed color-imparting particles.

In yet another respect, the present invention is related to a method fortinting a coating composition comprising an at least partiallyhydrolyzed alkoxide of the formula R_(x)M(OR′)_(z-x), wherein R is anorganic radical, M is selected from the group consisting of silicon,aluminum, titanium, zirconium and mixtures thereof, each R′ isindependently an alkyl radical, z is the valence of M and x is less thanz and may be zero, the method comprises including in the composition anorganic dispersion of polymer-enclosed color-imparting particles.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

For purposes of the following detailed description, it is to beunderstood that the invention may assume various alternative variationsand step sequences, except where expressly specified to the contrary.Moreover, other than in any operating examples, or where otherwiseindicated, all numbers expressing, for example, quantities ofingredients used in the specification and claims are to be understood asbeing modified in all instances by the term “about”. Accordingly, unlessindicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in thefollowing specification and attached claims are approximations that mayvary depending upon the desired properties to be obtained by the presentinvention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit theapplication of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims,each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of thenumber of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary roundingtechniques.

Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forththe broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numericalvalues set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely aspossible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certainerrors necessarily resulting from the standard variation found in theirrespective testing measurements.

Also, it should be understood that any numerical range recited herein isintended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein. For example, arange of “1 to 10” is intended to include all sub-ranges between (andincluding) the recited minimum value of 1 and the recited maximum valueof 10, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1 and amaximum value of equal to or less than 10.

In this application, the use of the singular includes the plural andplural encompasses singular, unless specifically stated otherwise. Inaddition, in this application, the use of “or” means “and/or” unlessspecifically stated otherwise, even though “and/or” may be explicitlyused in certain instances.

As previously mentioned, certain embodiments of the present inventionare directed to coating compositions that comprise an alkoxide of thegeneral formula R_(x)M(OR′)_(z-x) where R is an organic radical, M issilicon, aluminum, titanium, and/or zirconium, each R′ is independentlyan alkyl radical, z is the valence of M, and x is a number less than zand may be zero. Examples of suitable organic radicals include, but arenot limited to, alkyl, vinyl, methoxyalkyl, phenyl, γ-glycidoxy propyland γ-methacryloxy propyl. The alkoxide can be further mixed and/orreacted with other compounds and/or polymers known in the art.Particularly suitable are compositions comprising siloxanes formed fromat least partially hydrolyzing an organoalkoxysilane, such as one withinthe formula above. Examples of suitable alkoxide-containing compoundsand methods for making them are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,355,189;6,264,859; 6,469,119; 6,180,248; 5,916,686; 5,401,579; 4,799,963;5,344,712; 4,731,264; 4,753,827; 4,754,012; 4,814,017; 5,115,023;5,035,745; 5,231,156; 5,199,979; and 6,106,605, which are incorporatedby reference herein.

In certain embodiments, the alkoxide comprises a combination of aglycidoxy[(C₁-C₃)alkyl]tri(C₁-C₄)alkoxysilane monomer and atetra(C₁-C₆)alkoxysilane monomer.Glycidoxy[(C₁-C₃)alkyl]tri(C₁-C₄)alkoxysilane monomers suitable for usein the coating compositions of the present invention includeglycidoxymethyltriethoxysilane, α-glycidoxyethyltrimethoxysilane,α-glycidoxyethyl-triethoxysilane, β-glycidoxyethyltrimethoxysilane,β-glycidoxyethyltriethoxysilane, α-glycidoxy-propyltrimethoxysilane,α-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane, β-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane,β-glycidoxypropyl-triethoxysilane, γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane,hydrolysates thereof, and/or mixtures of such silane monomers.

Suitable tetra(C₁-C₆)alkoxysilanes that may be used in combination withthe glycidoxy[(C₁-C₃)alkyl]tri(C₁-C₄)alkoxysilane in the coatingcompositions of the present invention include, for example, materialssuch as tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropoxysilane,tetrabutoxysilane, tetrapentyloxysilane, tetrahexyloxysilane andmixtures thereof.

In certain embodiments, theglycidoxy[(C₁-C₃)alkyl]tri(C₁-C₄)alkoxysilane andtetra(C₁-C₆)alkoxysilane monomers used in the coating compositions ofthe present invention are present in a weight ratio of glycidoxy[(C₁-C₃)alkyl]tri(C₁-C₄)alkoxysilane to tetra(C₁-C₆)alkoxysilane of from0.5:1 to 100:1, such as 0.75:1 to 50:1 and, in some cases, from 1:1 to5:1.

In certain embodiments, the alkoxide is at least partially hydrolyzedbefore it is combined with other components of the coating composition,such as the polymer-enclosed color-imparting particles. Such ahydrolysis reaction is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,355,189 at col. 3,lines 7 to 28, the cited portion of which being incorporated byreference herein.

In certain embodiments, water is provided in an amount necessary for thehydrolysis of the hydrolyzable alkoxide(s). For example, in certainembodiments, water is present in an amount of at least 1.5 moles ofwater per mole of hydrolyzable alkoxide. In certain embodiments,atmospheric moisture, if sufficient, can be adequate.

In certain embodiments, a catalyst is providing to catalyze thehydrolysis and condensation reaction. In certain embodiments, thecatalyst is an acidic material and/or a material, different from theacidic material, which generates an acid upon exposure to actinicradiation. In certain embodiments, the acidic material is chosen from anorganic acid, inorganic acid or mixture thereof. Non-limiting examplesof such materials include acetic, formic, glutaric, maleic, nitric,hydrochloric, phosphoric, hydrofluoric, sulfuric acid or mixturesthereof.

Any material that generates an acid on exposure to actinic radiation canbe used as a hydrolysis and condensation catalyst in the coatingcompositions of the present invention, such as a Lewis acid and/or aBronsted acid. Non-limiting examples of acid generating compoundsinclude onium salts and iodosyl salts, aromatic diazonium salts,metallocenium salts, o-nitrobenzaldehyde, the polyoxymethylene polymersdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,991,033, the o-nitrocarbinol estersdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,849,137, the o-nitrophenyl acetals, theirpolyesters and end-capped derivatives described in U.S. Pat. No.4,086,210, sulphonate esters or aromatic alcohols containing a carbonylgroup in a position alpha or beta to the sulphonate ester group,N-sulphonyloxy derivatives of an aromatic amide or imide, aromatic oximesulphonates, quinone diazides, and resins containing benzoin groups inthe chain, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,368,253. Examplesof these radiation activated acid catalysts are also disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 5,451,345.

In certain embodiments, the acid generating compound is a cationicphotoinitiator, such as an onium salt. Non-limiting examples of suchmaterials include diaryliodonium salts and triarylsulfonium salts, whichare commercially available as SarCat® CD-1012 and CD-1011 from SartomerCompany. Other suitable onium salts are described in U.S. Pat. No.5,639,802, column 8, line 59 to column 10, line 46. Examples of suchonium salts include 4,4′-dimethyldiphenyliodonium tetrafluoroborate,phenyl-4-octyloxyphenyl phenyliodonium hexafluoroantimonate,dodecyldiphenyl iodonium hexafluoroantimonate,[4-[(2-tetradecanol)oxy]phenyl]phenyl iodonium hexafluoroantimonate andmixtures thereof.

The amount of catalyst used in the coating compositions of the presentinvention can vary widely and depend on the particular materials used.Only the amount required to catalyze and/or initiate the hydrolysis andcondensation reaction is required, e.g., a catalyzing amount. In certainembodiments, the acidic material and/or acid generating material can beused in an amount from 0.01 to 5 percent by weight, based on the totalweight of the composition.

As previously indicated, the coating compositions of the presentinvention also comprise polymer-enclosed color-imparting particles. Asused herein, the term “polymer-enclosed particles” refers to particlesthat are at least partially enclosed by, i.e., confined within, apolymer to an extent sufficient to separate particles from each otherwithin the resulting coating composition, such that significantagglomeration of the particles is prevented. It will be appreciated, ofcourse, that a coating composition of the present invention thatcomprises such “polymer-enclosed particles” may also include particlesthat are not polymer-enclosed particles. As used herein, the term“color-imparting particle” refers to a particle that significantlyabsorbs some wavelengths of visible light, that is, wavelengths rangingfrom 400 to 700 nanometers, more than it absorbs other wavelengths inthe visible region.

In certain embodiments, the particles that are enclosed by a polymercomprise nanoparticles. As used herein, the term “nanoparticle” refersto a particle that has a particle size of less than 1 micron. In certainembodiments, the nanoparticles used in the present invention have anaverage particle size of 300 nanometers or less, such as 200 nanometersor less, or, in some cases, 100 nanometers or less.

For purposes of the present invention, average particle size can bemeasured according to known laser scattering techniques. For example,average particle size can be determined using a Horiba Model LA 900laser diffraction particle size instrument, which uses a helium-neonlaser with a wave length of 633 nanometers to measure the size of theparticles and assumes the particle has a spherical shape, i.e., the“particle size” refers to the smallest sphere that will completelyenclose the particle. Average particle size can also be determined byvisually examining an electron micrograph of a transmission electronmicroscopy (“TEM”) image of a representative sample of the particles,measuring the diameter of the particles in the image, and calculatingthe average primary particle size of the measured particles based onmagnification of the TEM image. One of ordinary skill in the art willunderstand how to prepare such a TEM image and determine the primaryparticle size based on the magnification. The primary particle size of aparticle refers to the smallest diameter sphere that will completelyenclose the particle. As used herein, the term “primary particle size”refers to the size of an individual particle as opposed to anagglomeration of two or more individual particles.

The shape (or morphology) of the polymer-enclosed color-impartingparticles can vary. For example, generally spherical morphologies (suchas solid beads, microbeads, or hollow spheres), can be used, as well asparticles that are cubic, platy, or acicular (elongated or fibrous).Additionally, the particles can have an internal structure that ishollow, porous or void free, or a combination of any of the foregoing,e.g., a hollow center with porous or solid walls. For more informationon suitable particle characteristics see H. Katz et al. (Ed.), Handbookof Fillers and Plastics (1987) at pages 9-10.

Depending on the desired properties and characteristics of the resultantcoating composition (e.g., coating hardness, scratch resistance,stability, or color), mixtures of one or more polymer-enclosedcolor-imparting particles having different average particle sizes can beemployed.

The polymer-enclosed color-imparting particles, such as nanoparticles,can be formed from polymeric and/or non-polymeric inorganic materials,polymeric and/or non-polymeric organic materials, composite materials,as well as mixtures of any of the foregoing. As used herein, “formedfrom” denotes open, e.g., “comprising,” claim language. As such, it isintended that a composition or substance “formed from” a list of recitedcomponents be a composition comprising at least these recitedcomponents, and can further comprise other, non-recited components,during the composition's formation. Additionally, as used herein, theterm “polymer” is meant to encompass oligomers, and includes withoutlimitation both homopolymers and copolymers.

As used herein, the term “polymeric inorganic material” means apolymeric material having a backbone repeat unit based on an element orelements other than carbon. Moreover, as used herein, the term“polymeric organic materials” means synthetic polymeric materials,semi-synthetic polymeric materials and natural polymeric materials, allof which have a backbone repeat unit based on carbon.

The term “organic material,” as used herein, means carbon containingcompounds wherein the carbon is typically bonded to itself and tohydrogen, and often to other elements as well, and excludes binarycompounds such as the carbon oxides, the carbides, carbon disulfide,etc.; such ternary compounds as the metallic cyanides, metalliccarbonyls, phosgene, carbonyl sulfide, etc.; and carbon-containing ioniccompounds such as metallic carbonates, for example calcium carbonate andsodium carbonate.

As used herein, the term “inorganic material” means any material that isnot an organic material.

As used herein, the term “composite material” means a combination of twoor more differing materials. The particles formed from compositematerials generally have a hardness at their surface that is differentfrom the hardness of the internal portions of the particle beneath itssurface. More specifically, the surface of the particle can be modifiedin any manner well known in the art, including, but not limited to,chemically or physically changing its surface characteristics usingtechniques known in the art.

For example, a particle can be formed from a primary material that iscoated, clad or encapsulated with one or more secondary materials toform a composite particle that has a softer surface. In certainembodiments, particles formed from composite materials can be formedfrom a primary material that is coated, clad or encapsulated with adifferent form of the primary material. For more information onparticles useful in the present invention, see G. Wypych, Handbook ofFillers, 2nd Ed. (1999) at pages 15-202.

As aforementioned, the particles useful in the present invention caninclude any inorganic materials known in the art. Suitable particles canbe formed from ceramic materials, metallic materials, and mixtures ofany of the foregoing. Non-limiting examples of such ceramic materialscan comprise metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, metal nitrides, metalcarbides, metal sulfides, metal silicates, metal borides, metalcarbonates, and mixtures of any of the foregoing. A specific,non-limiting example of a metal nitride is boron nitride; a specific,non-limiting example of a metal oxide is zinc oxide; non-limitingexamples of suitable mixed metal oxides are aluminum silicates andmagnesium silicates; non-limiting examples of suitable metal sulfidesare molybdenum disulfide, tantalum disulfide, tungsten disulfide, andzinc sulfide; non-limiting examples of metal silicates are aluminumsilicates and magnesium silicates, such as vermiculite.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the particles compriseinorganic materials selected from aluminum, barium, bismuth, boron,cadmium, calcium, cerium, cobalt, copper, iron, lanthanum, magnesium,manganese, molybdenum, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, selenium, silicon,silver, sulfur, tin, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, yttrium, zinc, andzirconium, including oxides thereof, nitrides thereof, phosphidesthereof, phosphates thereof, selenides thereof, sulfides thereof,sulfates thereof, and mixtures thereof. Suitable non-limiting examplesof the foregoing inorganic particles are alumina, silica, titania,ceria, zirconia, bismuth oxide, magnesium oxide, iron oxide, aluminumsilicate, boron carbide, nitrogen doped titania, and cadmium selenide.

The particles can comprise, for example, a core of essentially a singleinorganic oxide, such as silica in colloidal, fumed, or amorphous form,alumina or colloidal alumina, titanium dioxide, iron oxide, cesiumoxide, yttrium oxide, colloidal yttria, zirconia, e.g., colloidal oramorphous zirconia, and mixtures of any of the foregoing; or aninorganic oxide of one type upon which is deposited an organic oxide ofanother type.

Non-polymeric, inorganic materials useful in forming the particles usedin the present invention can comprise inorganic materials selected fromgraphite, metals, oxides, carbides, nitrides, borides, sulfides,silicates, carbonates, sulfates, and hydroxides. A non-limiting exampleof a useful inorganic oxide is zinc oxide. Non-limiting examples ofsuitable inorganic sulfides include molybdenum disulfide, tantalumdisulfide, tungsten disulfide, and zinc sulfide. Non-limiting examplesof useful inorganic silicates include aluminum silicates and magnesiumsilicates, such as vermiculite. Non-limiting examples of suitable metalsinclude molybdenum, platinum, palladium, nickel, aluminum, copper, gold,iron, silver, alloys, and mixtures of any of the foregoing.

In certain embodiments, the particles are selected from fumed silica,amorphous silica, colloidal silica, alumina, colloidal alumina, titaniumdioxide, iron oxide, cesium oxide, yttrium oxide, colloidal yttria,zirconia, colloidal zirconia, and mixtures of any of the foregoing. Incertain embodiments, the particles comprise colloidal silica. Asdisclosed above, these materials can be surface treated or untreated.Other useful particles include surface-modified silicas, such as aredescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,853,809 at column 6, line 51 to column 8,line 43, incorporated herein by reference.

As another alternative, a particle can be formed from a primary materialthat is coated, clad or encapsulated with one or more secondarymaterials to form a composite material that has a harder surface.Alternatively, a particle can be formed from a primary material that iscoated, clad or encapsulated with a differing form of the primarymaterial to form a composite material that has a harder surface.

In one example, and without limiting the present invention, an inorganicparticle formed from an inorganic material, such as silicon carbide oraluminum nitride, can be provided with a silica, carbonate or nanoclaycoating to form a useful composite particle. In another non-limitingexample, a silane coupling agent with alkyl side chains can interactwith the surface of an inorganic particle formed from an inorganic oxideto provide a useful composite particle having a “softer” surface. Otherexamples include cladding, encapsulating or coating particles formedfrom non-polymeric or polymeric materials with differing non-polymericor polymeric materials. A specific non-limiting example of suchcomposite particles is DUALITE™, which is a synthetic polymeric particlecoated with calcium carbonate that is commercially available from Pierceand Stevens Corporation of Buffalo, N.Y.

In certain embodiments, the particles used in the present invention havea lamellar structure. Particles having a lamellar structure are composedof sheets or plates of atoms in hexagonal array, with strong bondingwithin the sheet and weak van der Waals bonding between sheets,providing low shear strength between sheets. A non-limiting example of alamellar structure is a hexagonal crystal structure. Inorganic solidparticles having a lamellar fullerene (i.e., buckyball) structure arealso useful in the present invention.

Non-limiting examples of suitable materials having a lamellar structureinclude boron nitride, graphite, metal dichalcogenides, mica, talc,gypsum, kaolinite, calcite, cadmium iodide, silver sulfide and mixturesthereof. Suitable metal dichalcogenides include molybdenum disulfide,molybdenum diselenide, tantalum disulfide, tantalum diselenide, tungstendisulfide, tungsten diselenide and mixtures thereof.

The particles can be formed from non-polymeric, organic materials.Non-limiting examples of non-polymeric, organic materials useful in thepresent invention include, but are not limited to, stearates (such aszinc stearate and aluminum stearate), diamond, carbon black andstearamide.

The particles used in the present invention can be formed from inorganicpolymeric materials. Non-limiting examples of useful inorganic polymericmaterials include polyphosphazenes, polysilanes, polysiloxanes,polygermanes, polymeric sulfur, polymeric selenium, silicones andmixtures of any of the foregoing. A specific, non-limiting example of aparticle formed from an inorganic polymeric material suitable for use inthe present invention is Tospearl, which is a particle formed fromcross-linked siloxanes and is commercially available from ToshibaSilicones Company, Ltd. of Japan.

The particles can be formed from synthetic, organic polymeric materials.Non-limiting examples of suitable organic polymeric materials include,but are not limited to, thermoset materials and thermoplastic materials.Non-limiting examples of suitable thermoplastic materials includethermoplastic polyesters, such as polyethylene terephthalate,polybutylene terephthalate and polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonates,polyolefins, such as polyethylene, polypropylene and polyisobutene,acrylic polymers, such as copolymers of styrene and an acrylic acidmonomer and polymers containing methacrylate, polyamides, thermoplasticpolyurethanes, vinyl polymers, and mixtures of any of the foregoing.

Non-limiting examples of suitable thermoset materials include thermosetpolyesters, vinyl esters, epoxy materials, phenolics, aminoplasts,thermoset polyurethanes and mixtures of any of the foregoing. Aspecific, non-limiting example of a synthetic polymeric particle formedfrom an epoxy material is an epoxy microgel particle.

The particles can also be hollow particles formed from materialsselected from polymeric and non-polymeric inorganic materials, polymericand non-polymeric organic materials, composite materials and mixtures ofany of the foregoing. Non-limiting examples of suitable materials fromwhich the hollow particles can be formed are described above.

In certain embodiments, the particles used in the present inventioncomprise an organic pigment, for example, azo compounds (monoazo,di-azo, β-Naphthol, Naphthol AS salt type azo pigment lakes,benzimidazolone, di-azo condensation, isoindolinone, isoindoline), andpolycyclic (phthalocyanine, quinacridone, perylene, perinone,diketopyrrolo pyrrole, thioindigo, anthraquinone, indanthrone,anthrapyrimidine, flavanthrone, pyranthrone, anthanthrone, dioxazine,triarylcarbonium, quinophthalone) pigments, and mixtures thereof. Incertain embodiments, the organic material is selected from perylenes,quinacridones, phthalocyanines, isoindolines, dioxazines (that is,triphenedioxazines), 1,4-diketopyrrolopyrroles, anthrapyrimidines,anthanthrones, flavanthrones, indanthrones, perinones, pyranthrones,thioindigos, 4,4′-diamino-1,1′-dianthraquinonyl, as well as substitutedderivatives thereof, and mixtures thereof.

Perylene pigments used in the practice of the present invention may beunsubstituted or substituted. Substituted perylenes may be substitutedat imide nitrogen atoms for example, and substituents may include analkyl group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group of 1 to 10 carbonatoms and a halogen (such as chlorine) or combinations thereof.Substituted perylenes may contain more than one of any one substituent.The diimides and dianhydrides of perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acidare often used. Crude perylenes can be prepared by methods known in theart.

Phthalocyanine pigments, especially metal phthalocyanines may be used.Although copper phthalocyanines are more readily available, othermetal-containing phthalocyanine pigments, such as those based on zinc,cobalt, iron, nickel, and other such metals, may also be used.Metal-free phthalocyanines are also suitable. Phthalocyanine pigmentsmay be unsubstituted or partially substituted, for example, with one ormore alkyl (having 1 to 10 carbon atoms), alkoxy (having 1 to 10 carbonatoms), halogens such as chlorine, or other substituents typical ofphthalocyanine pigments. Phthalocyanines may be prepared by any ofseveral methods known in the art. They are typically prepared by areaction of phthalic anhydride, phthalonitrile, or derivatives thereof,with a metal donor, a nitrogen donor (such as urea or the phthalonitrileitself), and an optional catalyst, often in an organic solvent.

Quinacridone pigments, as used herein, include unsubstituted orsubstituted quinacridones (for example, with one or more alkyl, alkoxy,halogens such as chlorine, or other substituents typical of quinacridonepigments), and are suitable for use in the present invention. Thequinacridone pigments may be prepared by any of several methods known inthe art, such as by thermally ring-closing various2,5-dianilinoterephthalic acid precursors in the presence ofpolyphosphoric acid.

Isoindoline pigments, which can optionally be substituted symmetricallyor unsymmetrically, are also suitable for the practice of the presentinvention can be prepared by methods known in the art. A suitableisoindoline pigment, Pigment Yellow 139, is a symmetrical adduct ofiminoisoindoline and barbituric acid precursors. Dioxazine pigments(that is, triphenedioxazines) are also suitable organic pigments and canbe prepared by methods known in the art.

Mixtures of any of the previously described inorganic particles and/ororganic particles can also be used.

If desired, the particles described above can be formed intonanoparticles. In certain embodiments, the nanoparticles are formed insitu during formation of an aqueous dispersion of polymer-enclosedparticles, as described in more detail below. In other embodiments,however, the nanoparticles are formed prior to their incorporation intosuch an aqueous dispersion. In these embodiments, the nanoparticles canbe formed by any of a number of various methods known in the art. Forexample, the nanoparticles can be prepared by pulverizing andclassifying the dry particulate material. For example, bulk pigmentssuch as any of the inorganic or organic pigments discussed above, can bemilled with milling media having a particle size of less than 0.5millimeters (mm), or less than 0.3 mm, or less than 0.1 mm. The pigmentparticles typically are milled to nanoparticle sizes in a high energymill in one or more solvents (either water, organic solvent, or amixture of the two), optionally in the presence of a polymeric grindvehicle. If necessary, a dispersant can be included, for example, (if inorganic solvent) SOLSPERSE® 32000 or 32500 available from LubrizolCorporation, or (if in water) SOLSPERSE® 27000, also available fromLubrizol Corporation. Other suitable methods for producing thenanoparticles include crystallization, precipitation, gas phasecondensation, and chemical attrition (i.e., partial dissolution).

In certain embodiments, the coating compositions of the presentinvention comprise an organic dispersion of polymer-enclosedcolor-imparting particles. As used herein, the term “dispersion” refersto a two-phase system in which one phase includes finely dividedparticles distributed throughout a second phase, which is a continuousorganic phase.

In certain embodiments, the organic dispersion of polymer-enclosedcolor-imparting particles is formed from the conversion of an aqueousdispersion of polymer-enclosed color-imparting particles. These aqueousdispersions often are oil-in-water emulsions, wherein an aqueous mediumprovides the continuous phase of the dispersion in which thepolymer-enclosed particles are suspended as the organic phase. As usedherein, the term “aqueous”, “aqueous phase”, “aqueous medium,” and thelike, refers to a medium that either consists exclusively of water orcomprises predominantly water in combination with another material, suchas, for example, an inert organic solvent. In certain embodiments, theamount of organic solvent present in the aqueous dispersions is lessthan 20 weight percent, such as less than 10 weight percent, or, in somecases, less than 5 weight percent, or, in yet other cases, less than 2weight percent, with the weight percents being based on the total weightof the dispersion.

In certain embodiments, therefore, an aqueous dispersion ofpolymer-enclosed color-imparting particles is converted into an organicdispersion of polymer-enclosed color-imparting particles prior tocombination with the at least partially hydrolyzed alkoxide describedabove. This conversion can be accomplished by, for example, diluting theaqueous dispersion of polymer-enclosed color-imparting particles with anorganic solvent, particularly a water-miscible organic solvent, such asa polar protic organic solvent, wherein the solvent is added in anamount sufficient to produce a dispersion wherein the continuous phasecomprises predominantly organic solvent, i.e., the amount of waterpresent in the aqueous dispersions is less than 20 weight percent, suchas less than 10 weight percent, or, in some cases, less than 5 weightpercent, or, in yet other cases, less than 2 weight percent, with theweight percents being based on the total weight of the dispersion. Ifdesired, the amount of water present in the dispersion can be furtherreduced via a distillation process.

As used herein, the term “water-miscible organic solvent” refers toorganic solvents that, at the conditions of use, are miscible with waterin a reasonably wide concentration range. Examples include, withoutlimitation, N-methyl pyrrolidone and tetrahydrofuran.

In certain embodiments, the water miscible organic solvent comprises apolar protic solvent, which are those solvents wherein a hydrogen atomis attached to an electronegative atom, such as oxygen. In other words,polar protic organic solvents are compounds that can be represented bythe general formula ROH, wherein R is an organic radical. The polarityof the polar protic solvents stems from the bond dipole of the O—H bond.Examples of polar protic organic solvents, which are suitable for use inthe present invention, are methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol, andacetic acid, as well as propylene glycol and ethylene glycol.

The Examples herein illustrate a suitable method for converting anaqueous dispersion of polymer-enclosed color-imparting particles to anorganic dispersion of such particles, which is suitable for use in thecoating compositions of the present invention.

The polymer-enclosed color-imparting particles used in the presentinvention may comprise, for example, a polymer selected from acrylicpolymers, polyurethane polymers, polyester polymers, polyether polymers,silicon-based polymers, co-polymers thereof, and mixtures thereof. Suchpolymers can be produced by any suitable method known to those skilledin the art to which the present invention pertains. Suitable polymersare disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/876,031 at [0061]to [0076], United States Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0287348A1 at [0042] to [0044], and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/337,062at [0054] to [0079], the cited portions of which being incorporated byreference herein.

The previously-described aqueous dispersions of polymer-enclosedcolor-imparting particles can be prepared by any of a variety ofmethods. For example, in certain embodiments, the aqueous dispersion isprepared by a method comprising (A) providing a mixture, in an aqueousmedium, of (i) color-imparting particles, (ii) one or morepolymerizable, ethylenically unsaturated monomers; and/or (iii) amixture of one or more polymerizable unsaturated monomers with one ormore polymers; and/or (iv) one or more polymers, and then subjecting theadmixture to high stress shear conditions in the presence of an aqueousmedium to particularize the admixture into polymer-enclosedcolor-imparting particles. Such methods are described in detail in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/876,031 at [0054] to [0090], the citedportion of which being incorporated by reference herein.

In certain embodiments, however, the aqueous dispersions are made by amethod comprising (1) providing a mixture, in an aqueous medium, of (i)color-imparting particles, (ii) a polymerizable ethylenicallyunsaturated monomer, and (iii) a water-dispersible polymerizabledispersant, and (2) polymerizing the ethylenically unsaturated monomerand polymerizable dispersant to form polymer-enclosed color-impartingparticles comprising a water-dispersible polymer. In these embodiments,the polymerizable dispersant may comprise any polymerizable materialthat is water-dispersible and which, upon polymerization with theethylenically unsaturated monomer, produces polymer-enclosedcolor-imparting particles comprising a water-dispersible polymer. Incertain embodiments, the polymerizable dispersant comprises a polyetherpolyurethane that is stable when combined with the at least partiallyhydrolyzed alkoxide described herein.

In these embodiments, the water-dispersible polymerizable dispersant iscapable of dispersing itself and other materials, including theethylenically unsaturated monomers, in the aqueous medium without theneed for surfactants and/or high shear conditions. As a result, theforegoing method for making an aqueous dispersion of polymer-enclosedcolor-imparting particles is particularly suitable in situations whereuse of high stress shear conditions, as described in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 10/876,031, is not desired or feasible. Therefore,in certain embodiments, the aqueous dispersion of polymer-enclosedcolor-imparting particles is prepared by a method that does not includethe step of subjecting the mixture of color-imparting particles,polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated monomer, and water-dispersiblepolymerizable dispersant to high stress shear conditions.

In certain embodiments, the color-imparting particles, after being mixedwith the ethylenically unsaturated monomer and the water-dispersiblepolymerizable dispersant in the aqueous medium, are formed intocolor-imparting nanoparticles (i.e., the nanoparticles are formed insitu). In certain embodiments, the color-imparting nanoparticles areformed by subjecting the aqueous medium to pulverizing conditions. Forexample, the particles can be milled with milling media having aparticle size of less than 0.5 millimeters, or less than 0.3millimeters, or, in some cases, less than 0.1 millimeters. In theseembodiments, the color-imparting particles can be milled to nanoparticlesize in a high energy mill in the presence of the aqueous medium, thepolymerizable ethylenically unsaturated monomer, and thewater-dispersible polymerizable dispersant. If desired, anotherdispersant can be used, such as SOLSPERSE 27000, available from Avecia,Inc.

As indicated, the foregoing methods for making aqueous dispersions ofpolymer-enclosed color-imparting particles include the step ofpolymerizing the ethylenically unsaturated monomer and polymerizabledispersant to form polymer-enclosed color-imparting particles. Incertain embodiments, at least a portion of the polymerization occursduring formation of nanoparticles, if applicable. A free radicalinitiator is often used. Both water and oil soluble initiators can beused.

Non-limiting examples suitable water-soluble initiators include ammoniumperoxydisulfate, potassium peroxydisulfate and hydrogen peroxide.Non-limiting examples of oil soluble initiators include t-butylhydroperoxide, dilauryl peroxide and 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile). Inmany cases, the reaction is carried out at a temperature ranging from20° to 80° C. The polymerization can be carried out in either a batch ora continuous process. The length of time necessary to carry out thepolymerization can range from, for example, 10 minutes to 6 hours,provided that the time is sufficient to form a polymer in situ from theone or more ethylenically unsaturated monomers.

Once the polymerization process is complete, the resultant product is astable dispersion of polymer-enclosed color-imparting particles in anaqueous medium which can contain some organic solvent. Some or all ofthe organic solvent can be removed via reduced pressure distillation ata temperature, for example, of less than 40° C. As used herein, the term“stable dispersion” or “stably dispersed” means that thepolymer-enclosed color-imparting particles neither settle nor coagulatenor flocculate from the aqueous medium upon standing.

In certain embodiments, the polymer-enclosed particles are present inthe aqueous dispersions in an amount of at least 10 weight percent, orin an amount of 10 to 80 weight percent, or in an amount of 25 to 50weight percent, or in an amount of 25 to 40 weight percent, with weightpercents being based on weight of total solids present in thedispersion.

In certain embodiments, the dispersed polymer-enclosed color-impartingparticles have a maximum haze of 10%, or, in some cases, a maximum hazeof 5%, or, in yet other cases, a maximum haze of 1%, or, in otherembodiments, a maximum haze of 0.5%. As used herein, “haze” isdetermined by ASTM D1003.

The haze values for the polymer-enclosed color-imparting particlesdescribed herein are determined by first having the particles, such asnanoparticles, dispersed in a liquid (such as water) and then measuringthese dispersions diluted in a solvent, for example, water, using aByk-Gardner TCS (The Color Sphere) instrument having a 500 micron cellpath length. Because the % haze of a liquid sample is concentrationdependent, the % haze as used herein is reported at a transmittance of15% to 20% at the wavelength of maximum absorbance. An acceptable hazemay be achieved for relatively large particles when the difference inrefractive index between the particles and the surrounding medium islow. Conversely, for smaller particles, greater refractive indexdifferences between the particle and the surrounding medium may providean acceptable haze.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, the aqueous dispersionof polymer-enclosed color-imparting particles described above isconverted to an organic dispersion of such particles, as previouslydescribed, which is then combined with an at least partially hydrolyzedalkoxide of the formula R_(x)M(OR′)_(z-x), wherein R is an organicradical, M is selected from the group consisting of silicon, aluminum,titanium, zirconium and mixtures thereof, each R′ is independently analkyl radical, z is the valence of M and x is less than z and may bezero. The inventors have surprisingly discovered that theabove-described combination is compatible, i.e., the combination remainsa stable homogeneous solution for at least several days and, in somecases, several weeks, without significant solidification, settling,coagulation, or flocculation.

In certain embodiments, the polymer-enclosed color-imparting particlesare present in the coating composition in an amount of 1 to 25 weightpercent, such as 5 to 15 weight percent, with weight percent being basedon the total solid weight of the composition. In certain embodiments,the alkoxide is present in the coating composition in an amount of 50 to99 weight percent based on total solid weight.

In addition to the organic dispersion of polymer-enclosedcolor-imparting particles and the at least partially hydrolyzedalkoxide, the coating compositions of the present invention may alsoinclude other materials. For example, the coating compositions of thepresent invention can also include one or more standard additives, suchas flow additives, rheology modifiers, adhesion promoters, and the like.In certain embodiments, the coating compositions of the presentinvention comprise a UV absorber.

In certain embodiments, the coating compositions of the presentinvention comprise an organosiloxane polyol, as described in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/116,552 at [0004] to [0007], the cited portionof which being incorporated herein by reference. Such a material, ifused, is often present in the coating composition in an amount of 1 to25 weight percent, such as 2 to 15 or 5 to 10 weight percent, based onthe total solid weight of the coating composition.

In certain embodiments, the coating compositions of the presentinvention comprise a silica sol comprising silica nanoparticles and apolymerizable (meth)acrylate binding agent. As used herein, the term“silica sol” refers to a colloidal dispersion of finely divided silicaparticles dispersed in a binding agent, which, in the present inventioncomprises an polymerizable (meth)acrylate. As used herein, the term“silica” refers to SiO₂. In certain embodiments, the nanoparticlespresent in the silica sol have an average primary particle size of 300nanometers or less, such as 200 nanometers or less, or, in some cases,100 nanometers or less, or, in yet other cases, 50 nanometers or less,or, in some cases, 20 nanometers or less.

As indicated, the silica sol comprises a polymerizable (meth)acrylatebinding agent. As used herein, the term “(meth)acrylate” is meant toinclude both acrylate and methacrylate. Polymerizable (meth)acrylatessuitable for use as a binding agent in the silica sols present incertain embodiments of the coating compositions of the present inventioninclude unsaturated (meth)acrylate monomers and oligomers, such as, forexample, mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, and penta-(meth)acrylates.Non-limiting specific examples of such materials includehydroxyethylmethacrylate, trimethylolpropaneformalacrylate,hexanedioldiacrylate, tripropyleneglycoldiacrylate,neopentylglycoldiacrylate, trimethylolpropanetriacrylate,glycerintriacrylate, and/or pentaerythritoltetraacrylate, among others.

Silica sols suitable for use in the present invention are commerciallyavailable. Examples include the Nanocryl® line of products availablefrom Hanse Chemie AG, Geesthacht, Germany. These products are lowviscosity sols having a silica content of up to 50 percent by weight.

In certain embodiments, the silica sol further comprises an organicsolvent. Suitable organic solvents are those that will stabilize thesilica sol in the coating composition. The minimum amount of solventpresent in the coating composition is a solvating amount, i.e., anamount which is sufficient to solubilize or disperse the silica sol inthe coating composition. For example, the amount of solvent present mayrange from 20 to 90 weight percent based on the total weight of thecoating composition. Suitable solvents include, but are not limited to,the following: benzene, toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutylketone, acetone, ethanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, propyl alcohol,propylene carbonate, N-methylpyrrolidinone, N-vinylpyrrolidinone,N-acetylpyrrolidinone, N-hydroxymethylpyrrolidinone,N-butyl-pyrrolidinone, N-ethylpyrrolidinone, N—(N-octyl)-pyrrolidinone,N-(n-dodecyl)pyrrolidinone, 2-methoxyethyl ether, xylene, cyclohexane,3-methylcyclohexanone, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran,methanol, amyl propionate, methyl propionate, diethylene glycolmonobutyl ether, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, ethyleneglycol, mono- and dialkyl ethers of ethylene glycol and theirderivatives, which are sold as CELLOSOLVE industrial solvents by UnionCarbide, propylene glycol methyl ether and propylene glycol methyl etheracetate, which are sold as DOWANOL® PM and PMA solvents, respectively,by Dow Chemical and mixtures of such recited solvents.

As a result, in certain embodiments, such as where the silica sol is oneof the commercially available Nanocryl® silica sols described above, thesilica sol is first diluted with an organic solvent prior to combiningthe silica sol with an at least partially hydrolyzed alkoxide of thetype described herein.

In certain embodiments, the silica sol is present in the coatingcomposition in an amount of 1 to 25 percent by weight, such as 2 to 15percent by weight, with the weight percents being based on the totalweight of the composition.

In certain embodiments, the coating compositions of the presentinvention are, aside from the materials introduced to the coatingcomposition as part of the silica sol, substantially free of, or, insome cases, completely free of any free radically polymerizablematerial. Examples of such materials are mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- orpentafunctional monomeric or oligomeric aliphatic, cycloaliphatic oraromatic (meth)acrylates. As used herein, the term “substantially free”means that the material being discussed is present in the composition,if at all, as an incidental impurity. In other words, the material doesnot affect the properties of the composition. As used herein, the term“completely free” means that the material is not present in thecomposition at all.

In certain embodiments, the coating compositions of the presentinvention are substantially free of, or, in some cases, completely freeof any free radical polymerization initiators. Such materials includeany compound that forms free radicals upon exposure to actinicradiation. Specific examples of such materials, which, in certainembodiments, are substantially or completely absent from the coatingcompositions of the present invention, are benzoins, benzil, benzilketals, anthraquinones, thioxanthones, xanthones, acridine derivatives,phenazene derivatives, quinoxaline derivatives,1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione-2-O-benzoyloxime, 1-aminophenyl ketones,1-hydroxyphenyl ketones, and triazine compounds. Other free radicalpolymerization initiators, which, in certain embodiments, aresubstantially or completely absent from the coating compositions of thepresent invention are acetophenones, benzil ketals and benzoylphosphineoxides. Another class of free radical polymerization initiators, which,in certain embodiments, are substantially or completely absent from thecoating compositions of the present invention are the ionic dye-counterion compounds, which are capable of absorbing actinic rays and producingfree radicals, such as the materials described in publishedEuropean-patent application EP 223587 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,751,102;4,772,530 and 4,772,541.

The coating compositions of the present invention can be applied to anysuitable substrate, however, in many cases, the substrate is a plasticsubstrate, such as thermoplastic substrate, including, but not limitedto, polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, blends ofpolyphenylene ether and polystyrene, polyetherimide, polyester,polysulfone, acrylic, and copolymers and/or blends thereof.

Prior to applying the coating composition to such a substrate, thesubstrate surface may be treated by cleaning. Effective treatmenttechniques for plastics include ultrasonic cleaning; washing with anaqueous mixture of organic solvent, e.g., a 50:50 mixture ofisopropanol:water or ethanol:water; UV treatment; activated gastreatment, e.g., treatment with low temperature plasma or coronadischarge, and chemical treatment such as hydroxylation, i.e., etchingof the surface with an aqueous solution of alkali, e.g., sodiumhydroxide or potassium hydroxide, that may also contain afluorosurfactant. See U.S. Pat. No. 3,971,872, column 3, lines 13 to 25;U.S. Pat. No. 4,904,525, column 6, lines 10 to 48; and U.S. Pat. No.5,104,692, column 13, lines 10 to 59, which describe surface treatmentsof polymeric organic materials.

The coating compositions of the present invention may be applied to thesubstrate using, for example, any conventional coating techniqueincluding flow coating, dip coating, spin coating, roll coating, curtaincoating and spray coating. Application of the coating composition to thesubstrate may, if desired, be done in an environment that issubstantially free of dust or contaminants, e.g., a clean room. Coatingsprepared by the process of the present invention may range in thicknessfrom 0.1 to 50 microns (μm), such as from 2 to 20 μm, and, in somecases, from 2 to 10 μm, e.g., 5 μm.

Following application of a coating composition of the present inventionto the substrate, the coating is cured, such as by flashing the coatingat ambient temperature for up to one hour, and then baking the coatingat an appropriate temperature and time, which can be determined by oneskilled in the art based upon the particular coating and/or substratebeing used. As used herein, the terms “cured” and “curing” refer to theat least partial crosslinking of the components of the coating that areintended to be cured, i.e., cross-linked. In certain embodiments, thecrosslink density, i.e., the degree of crosslinking, ranges from 35 to100 percent of complete crosslinking. The presence and degree ofcrosslinking, i.e., the crosslink density, can be determined by avariety of methods, such as dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA)using a Polymer Laboratories MK III DMTA analyzer, as is described inU.S. Pat. No. 6,803,408, at col. 7, line 66 to col. 8, line 18, thecited portion of which being incorporated herein by reference.

In certain embodiments, when a material that generates an acid onexposure to actinic radiation is present in a coating composition of thepresent invention, as described above, the coating composition may be atleast partially cured by irradiating the coated substrate with a curingamount of ultraviolet light, either after thermally curing the coating,simultaneously during a thermal curing process, or in lieu of a thermalcuring process. During the irradiation step, the coated substrate may bemaintained at room temperature, e.g., 22° C., or it may be heated to anelevated temperature which is below the temperature at which damage tothe substrate occurs.

One feature of certain embodiments of the coating compositions of thepresent invention is that when a silica sol comprising a polymerizable(meth)acrylate binding agent is used, the polymerizable (meth)acrylatepresent in the silica sol remains substantially uncrosslinked after thecoating composition has been cured, i.e., after the previously describedcuring step which cures the hardcoat resin matrix. As used herein, theterm “substantially uncrosslinked” means that upon cure of the coatingcomposition to form a hard coat, the polymerizable (meth)acrylate hasnot reacted with itself or other composition components to an extentthat the adhesion of the resultant hard coat on a polycarbonatesubstrate is negatively impacted, i.e., the hard coat exhibits a reducedadhesion rating, when measured as described in the Examples herein.

The present invention is also directed to methods for preparing acoating composition. These methods comprise: (a) preparing an organicdispersion of polymer-enclosed color-imparting particles; (b) preparingan at least partially hydrolyzed alkoxide of the formulaR_(x)M(OR′)_(z-x), wherein R is an organic radical, M is selected fromthe group consisting of silicon, aluminum, titanium, zirconium andmixtures thereof, each R′ is independently an alkyl radical, z is thevalence of M and x is less than z and may be zero; and (c) combining theorganic dispersion of color-imparting particles with the at leastpartially hydrolyzed alkoxide.

The present invention is also directed to an article at least partiallycoated with a tinted hard coat deposited from a coating compositioncomprising: (a) an alkoxide of the general formula R_(x)M(OR′)_(z-x)where R is an organic radical, M is silicon, aluminum, titanium, and/orzirconium, each R′ is independently an alkyl radical, z is the valenceof M, and x is a number less than z and may be zero; and (b)polymer-enclosed color-imparting particles.

As used herein, the term “tinted hard coat” refers to a hard coat thatabsorbs some wavelengths of visible light (400 to 700 nanometers) morethan it absorbs other wavelengths in the visible region. In certainembodiments, the hard coat is also transparent, i.e., it has a spectraltransmission of at least 60%, in some cases at least 80%, at awavelength ranging from 410 nanometers to 700 nanometers, based uponASTM Standard No. D-1003 using a Hunter Lab COLORQUEST® II Spherespectrophotometer that is available from Hunter Associates Laboratory,Inc. of Reston, Va. The transparency values reported herein are obtainedusing visible light with a wavelength ranging from about 410 nanometersto about 700 nanometers. All percentage transmittance and all percentagehaze determinations are based on samples having a dry film thickness asspecified in the Examples. As used herein, the term “hard coat” refersto a coating that offers one or more of chip resistance, impactresistance, abrasion resistance, UV degradation resistance, humidityresistance, and/or chemical resistance.

The present invention is also directed to a method for tinting a coatingcomposition comprising an at least partially hydrolyzed alkoxide of theformula R_(x)M(OR′)_(z-x), wherein R is an organic radical, M isselected from the group consisting of silicon, aluminum, titanium,zirconium and mixtures thereof, each R′ is independently an alkylradical, z is the valence of M and x is less than z and may be zero, themethod comprises including in the composition an organic dispersion ofpolymer-enclosed color-imparting particles.

Illustrating the invention are the following examples that are not to beconsidered as limiting the invention to their details. All parts andpercentages in the examples, as well as throughout the specification,are by weight unless otherwise indicated.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Polyurethane Dispersion

This example describes the preparation of a polyurethane dispersion thatwas subsequently used to the form the respectivepolyurethane/nanopigment dispersions of Examples 2 to 4. Thepolyurethane dispersion was prepared from the following mixture ofingredients in the ratios indicated:

Ingredients Weight (grams) Charge I Poly (butylene oxide)¹ 355.6Dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA) 119.2 Tri-ethylamine 54.0 Butylatedhydroxytoluene 2.2 Triphenyl phosphate 1.1 Charge II Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) 27.8 Butyl methacrylate 48.4 Butyl acrylate 319.2Charge III Methylene bis(4-cyclohexylisocyanate) 558.9 Charge IV Butylmethacrylate 55.6 Charge V Deionized water 2086.3 Diethanolamine 20.2Ethylenediamine 26.9 Dimethylethanolamine 19.7 Charge VI Butylmethacrylate 50.0 ¹Poly (butylene oxide) having a number averagemolecular weight of 1000.

The polyurethane dispersion was prepared in a four neck round bottomflask equipped with an electronic temperature probe, mechanical stirrer,condenser, and a heating mantle. Charge I was stirred 5 minutes in theflask at a temperature of 125° C. Charge II was added and the mixturewas cooled to 70° C. Charge III was added over a 10 minute period.Charge IV was added and the resulting mixture was gradually heated to90° C. over 90 minutes and then held at 90° C. for 1 hour. Charge V wasstirred in a separate flask and heated to 60° C. 1387.8 g of thereaction product of Charges I, II, III, and IV was added to Charge Vover 10 minutes. Charge VI was added and the resulting mixture wascooled to room temperature. The final product was a translucent emulsionwith an acid value of 12.5, a Brookfield viscosity of 3710 centipoise(spindle #5 at 60 rpm), a pH of 7.6, and a nonvolatile content of 29.4%as measured at 110° C. for one hour.

Example 2 Polyurethane/Nanopigment Dispersion

This example describes the preparation of a nano-sized PB 15:3phthalocyanine blue pigment dispersion. The dispersion was prepared fromthe following mixture of ingredients in the ratios indicated:

Ingredients Weight (grams) Charge I Polyurethane dispersion of Example 17271.0 Deionized water 3293.1 Hydroquinone methyl ether (MEHQ) 2.0 PB15:3 pigment 1079.5 Shellsol OMS (Shell Chemical Co.) 131.5 Charge IIDeionized water 102.4 t-Butyl hydroperoxide (70% aqueous solution) 12.3Charge III Deionized water 512.1 Ferrous ammonium sulfate 0.15 Sodiummetabisulfite 12.3

The ingredients were mixed using a Ross rotor/stator mixer Model#HSM-100L for 2.5 hours and then recycled through an Advantis V15 Draismill containing 500 ml of 0.3 mm Zirconox YTZ® grinding media in a oneliter grinding chamber. The mixture was milled at 1400 rpm for a totaltime of 19.0 hours. The progress of the milling was monitored byvisually observing changes in the transparency of thin films of samplesdrawn down over black and white Leneta paper. Charge II was added andthe resulting mixture was stirred 5 minutes at 11° C. Charge III wasadded in two aliquots over 5 minutes. The temperature of the mixtureincreased to 13° C. The final product was a blue liquid with aBrookfield viscosity of 26 centipoise (spindle #1 at 60 rpm), a pH of7.2, and a nonvolatile content of 30.0% as measured at 110° C. for onehour.

Example 3 Polyurethane/Nanopigment Dispersion

This example describes the preparation of a nano-sized PR 122quinacridone magenta pigment dispersion. The dispersion was preparedfrom the following mixture of ingredients in the ratios indicated:

Ingredients Weight (grams) Charge I Polyurethane dispersion of Example 17271.0 Deionized water 3293.1 Hydroquinone methyl ether (MEHQ) 2.0 PR122 pigment 1079.5 Shellsol OMS (Shell Chemical Co.) 131.5 Charge IIDeionized water 102.4 t-Butyl hydroperoxide (70% aqueous solution) 12.3Charge III Deionized water 512.1 Ferrous ammonium sulfate 0.15 Sodiummetabisulfite 12.3

The ingredients were mixed using a Ross rotor/stator mixer Model#HSM-100L for 4 hours and then recycled through an Advantis V15 Draismill containing 500 ml of 0.3 mm Zirconox YTZ® grinding media in a oneliter grinding chamber. The mixture was milled at 1400 rpm for a totaltime of 23 hours. The progress of the milling was monitored by visuallyobserving changes in the transparency of thin films of samples drawndown over black and white Leneta paper. Charge II was added and theresulting mixture was stirred 5 minutes at 24° C. Charge III was addedin two aliquots over 5 minutes. The temperature of the mixture increasedto 26° C. The final product was a magenta liquid with a Brookfieldviscosity of 27 centipoise (spindle #1 at 60 rpm), a pH of 7.4, and anonvolatile content of 29.3% as measured at 110° C. for one hour.

Example 4 Polyurethane/Nanopigment Dispersion

This example describes the preparation of a nano-sized PY 128 di-azoyellow pigment dispersion. The dispersion was prepared from thefollowing mixture of ingredients in the ratios indicated:

Ingredients Weight (grams) Charge I Polyurethane dispersion of Example 17271.0 Deionized water 3293.1 Hydroquinone methyl ether (MEHQ) 2.0 PY128 pigment 1079.5 Shellsol OMS (Shell Chemical Co.) 131.5 Charge IIDeionized water 102.4 t-Butyl hydroperoxide (70% aqueous solution) 12.3Charge III Deionized water 512.1 Ferrous ammonium sulfate 0.15 Sodiummetabisulfite 12.3

The ingredients were mixed using a Ross rotor/stator mixer Model#HSM-100L for 5.5 hours and then recycled through an Advantis V15 Draismill containing 500 ml of 0.3 mm Zirconox YTZ® grinding media in a oneliter grinding chamber. The mixture was milled at 1400 rpm for a totaltime of 23 hours. The progress of the milling was monitored by visuallyobserving changes in the transparency of thin films of samples drawndown over black and white Leneta paper. Charge II was added and theresulting mixture was stirred 5 minutes. Charge III was added in twoaliquots over 5 minutes. The final product was a yellow liquid with aBrookfield viscosity of 53 centipoise (spindle #1 at 60 rpm), a pH of7.3, and a nonvolatile content of 28.8% as measured at 110° C. for onehour.

Example 5 Preparation of Pre-Hydrolyzed Hardcoat Solution

Diluted nitric acid solution was prepared by mixing 1.05 grams of 70%nitric acid with 7000.00 grams of DI water.

In a clean reaction vessel, 326.4 grams ofglycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and 186.0 grams of tetramethylorthosilicate were mixed. The contents were cooled with an ice/waterbath. When the temperature of the silane mixture in the reaction vesselreached between 10-15° C., 80.5 grams of pre-diluted nitric acidsolution was rapidly added with stirring to the reaction vessel.Increased temperature was observed as the result of the exothermalreaction. The ice/water bath kept the maximum reaction temperaturebetween 15-20° C. The maximum temperature was reached 5-10 minutes afterthe addition of the acid solution. After the maximum temperature wasreached, additional 80.5 grams of pre-diluted nitric acid solution wasadded into the reaction vessel under stirring. The maximum temperaturewas reached 5-10 minutes after the second charge of the acid solution.The ice/water bath should kept the maximum reaction temperature between20-25° C. After the maximum temperature was reached, the water bath wasremoved and the reaction vessel was stirred at room temperature for 3hours. After this time, the pH of the mixture was between 1.9-2.0. ThepH was then adjusted to 5.5 by slowly adding a few drops of 25%tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution in methanol into the reactionvessel. After pH adjustment, 264.5 grams of Dowanol PM, 12.1 grams of50% triarylsulfonium hexafluorophosphate salts solution in propylenecarbonate, and 1.2 grams of BYK-306 were added into the reaction vessel,and the reaction mixture was stirred for 10-20 minutes at roomtemperature.

In a separate container, 42.40 grams of Nanocryl 140, 42.40 grams ofDowanol PM and 590.00 grams of diacetone alcohol were mixed. Thismixture was then added into the reaction vessel, and the reactionmixture was stirred for additional 30 minutes at room temperature. Thecoating solution was then filtered through a 0.45 micron nominal capsulefilter in a single pass.

Example 6 Preparation of Tinted Hardcoat Compositions

The compositions were prepared by diluting 2.0 grams of thepolyurethane/nanopigment dispersions prepared according to Examples 2 to4 with 20.0 grams of Dowanol PM/diacetone alcohol solvent mixture (3:1by weight). This solution was then added into pre-hydrolyzed silaneclear hardcoat solution prepared according to Example 5 under stirring.The mixtures were stirred for additional 10-20 minutes at roomtemperature.

Example 7

Mokrolon® transparent polycarbonate substrate (Bayer AG) was rinsed andwiped with 2-propanol. Tinted hardcoat compositions of Example 6 werespin applied on un-primed substrate and cured with D bulb with UVAdosage of 6-8 J/cm² under air. The final dry film thickness was 3-5 μm.Coated samples were evaluated for optical appearance, color, adhesionand taber abrasion resistance.

As demonstrated in the following table, polycarbonate samples coatedwith nanotinted hardcoat compositions were colored and transparent. Thecoatings also provided good adhesion and abrasion resistance.

Sample Component (g)¹ 1 2 3 4 Pre-hydrolyzed silane clear hardcoat 20 2020 20 solution Dispersion of Example 3 0 2 0 0 Dispersion of Example 4 00 2 0 Dispersion of Example 2 0 0 0 2 Testing Results Color² clearmagenta yellow cyan L³ 94.97 94.05 95.15 94.15 a* −0.25 1.38 −1.25 −1.43b* 0.52 −0.88 2.66 −0.91 Initial transmission (%)⁴ 87 85 87 86 Adhesion⁵5 5 5 5 Initial Haze %⁶ 0.4 2.4 2.2 0.9 Delta Haze % after 300 cycles ofTaber 5.4 6.8 7.7 7.1 Abrasion⁷ ¹Weight in grams. ²The color wasvisually evaluated after UV cure. ³L, a*, b* color values were measuredwith Hunter Lab spectrophotometer. ⁴Initial transmission was measuredwith Hunter Lab spectrophotometer. ⁵Adhesion: Crosshatch, Nichibon LP-24adhesive tape. Rating scale 0-5 (no adhesion-100% adhesion after tapepull). ⁶Initial haze % was measured with Hunter Lab spectrophotometer.⁷Taber Abrasion: Taber 5150 Abrader, CS-10 wheels, 500 grams of weight.Haze % was measured after 300 taber cycles. Delta haze % <10% after 300taber cycles is acceptable.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes could bemade to the embodiments described above without departing from the broadinventive concept thereof. It is understood, therefore, that thisinvention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but itis intended to cover modifications which are within the spirit and scopeof the invention, as defined by the appended claims.

1. A method for making an organic dispersion of polymer-enclosedparticles from an aqueous dispersion of the polymer-enclosed particlesin a continuous phase that is an aqueous medium, comprising diluting theaqueous dispersion of the polymer-enclosed particles with a watermiscible organic solvent in an amount sufficient to produce a dispersionwherein the continuous phase comprises predominantly organic solvent. 2.The method of claim 1, wherein the water miscible organic solvent is apolar protic solvent.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein thepolymer-enclosed particles comprise polymer-enclosed color-impartingparticles.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the particles comprisenanoparticles.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the nanoparticles havean average primary particle size of 100 nanometers or less.
 6. Themethod of claim 3, wherein the polymer-enclosed color-impartingparticles comprise an organic pigment.
 7. The method of claim 2, whereinthe polar protic solvent comprises methanol, ethanol, isopropanol,butanol, and/or acetic acid.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein thepolymer-enclosed color-imparting particles comprise a polymer selectedfrom an acrylic polymer, a polyurethane polymer, a polyester polymer, apolyether polymer, a silicon-based polymer, a co-polymer thereof, and amixture thereof.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the aqueousdispersion of polymer-enclosed particles is prepared by a methodcomprising: (A) providing a mixture, in an aqueous medium, of (i)particles, (ii) one or more polymerizable, ethylenically unsaturatedmonomers; and/or (iii) a mixture of one or more polymerizableunsaturated monomers with one or more polymers; and/or (iv) one or morepolymers, and then (B) subjecting the admixture to high stress shearconditions in the presence of an aqueous medium to particularize theadmixture into polymer-enclosed particles.
 10. The method of claim 1,wherein the aqueous dispersion of polymer-enclosed particles is preparedby a method comprising: (1) providing a mixture, in an aqueous medium,of (i) particles, (ii) a polymerizable ethylenically unsaturatedmonomer, and (iii) a water-dispersible polymerizable dispersant, and (2)polymerizing the ethylenically unsaturated monomer and polymerizabledispersant to form polymer-enclosed particles comprising awater-dispersible polymer.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein thepolymerizable dispersant comprises a polyether polyurethane.
 12. Themethod of claim 10, wherein the aqueous dispersion of polymer-enclosedparticles is prepared by a method that does not include the step ofsubjecting the mixture of polymerizable ethylenically unsaturatedmonomer, and water-dispersible polymerizable dispersant to high stressshear conditions.
 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the particles,after being mixed with the ethylenically unsaturated monomer and thewater-dispersible polymerizable dispersant in the aqueous medium, areformed into nanoparticles.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein thenanoparticles are formed by subjecting the aqueous medium to pulverizingconditions.
 15. The method of claim 10, wherein at least a portion ofthe polymerization occurs during formation of nanoparticles.